Visceral leishmaniasis accelerates HIV replication and progression, and HIV can influence the disease’s epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and course. In endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis, a rise in Leishmania–HIV coinfection has been observed. This disease has a high prevalence in Brazil, where 96% of cases are reported ( Pan American Health Organization, 2018). Visceral leishmaniasis is a form of this disease with a 95% fatality rate in untreated cases, and it is estimated that 30,000 new cases occur annually ( Ruiz-Postigo et al., 2021). Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in 98 countries and present in 200 territories, and 12 million people are affected worldwide. Taken together, these results suggest that apigenin is a potential candidate for visceral leishmaniasis chemotherapy by oral administration. Furthermore, no alterations in serological and hematological parameters were observed. Treatment with apigenin demonstrated 99.7% and 94% reductions in the liver parasite load in the short-term and long-term treatment schemes, respectively. In a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis, the in vivo effect of apigenin was measured using short-term and long-term treatment schemes. infantum-infected murine peritoneal macrophages, presenting an C 50 value against intracellular amastigotes of 2.3 µM and a selectivity index of 34.3.

infantum promastigote in the presence of apigenin, exhibiting an IC 50 value of 29.9 µM. In the present study, we observed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the L. Apigenin, a flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated several biological functions. However, this treatment remains mostly ineffective and expensive, resulting in several side effects and generating resistance. Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilĬurrent treatment for visceral leishmaniasis is based on drugs such as pentavalent antimony and amphotericin B.

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